In 1962, Stern photographed Marilyn Monroe for what was to become her last sitting. You would never know from reading any of these stories how funny he is.". Steven Meisel has dominated Italian Vogue by shooting every cover for the last 2 decades along with every Prada campaign since 2004. Now its jeans and t-shirts and stuff like that. In her review of SEX by Madonna, Caryn James of The New York Times, On Photography: Dorothea Lange, 1895-1965, On Photography: Berenice Abbott, 1898-1991, On Photography: Dirck Halstead, 1936-2022, On Photography: Jeanloup Sieff, 1933-2000, On Photography: Margaret Bourke-White, 1904-1971, On Photography: Sebasito Salgado, 1944-present, On Photography: Richard Drew, 1946-Present, On Photography: Catherine Leroy, 1944-2006. Those girls were not supermodels and their lives were not exactly beautiful. Still, the competitive recasting of Bazaar is bound to create a faster and more thrilling vortex for everyone, especially photographers who apprehend that not everyone has the same kind of life. Steven Meisel took the photographs at the Muse de , Fendace, the highly anticipated collaboration between Fendi and Versace, unveils a campaign following the collections runway show last year. It was like Fight Club in womens lingerie. Some of the girls would carry their portfolios filled with Meisels work on go-sees for Seventeen magazine who wound up calling Meisel to produce work for the magazine. So few girls shoot with Meisel in their career, and a lot of people had told me I would never achieve that, so it was a dream come true. -Joan Smalls. Anna Sui asserts, He can make any model look better than she ever did. She remembers her first professional phone call from her friend for a Valentino shoot: Bring your suitcase and lets do what we always do he told me, and since then she has often styled for Meisel watching him cajole models, a ritual she says is magical, like falling in love., Meisels way with models leaves a lasting impression, and not just on the printed page, as if there were a formative Meisel technique. In the 1990s, Tom Ford infused Gucci and YSL with unabashed sex appeal. Meet Casil McArthur Photo by Steven Meisel, Styled by Edward Enninful. I would like to I guess, but on the weekends its not like I want to take more pictures! Beyond the magazine pages they made cohesiveness a professional asset, publicizing themselves in unison over a far-flung social scene with Meisel on their arm, their constant escort as Bob Colacello has written. SilverChartist is a fully transparent, "over-the-shoulder" trading and investing service with Real-Time Alerts. So I thought it was crazy that I wasnt hanging pictures at home. I dont know what it was. In September of that year Meisel appeared on Glenn OBriens TV Party, a new wave variety show airing on a New York public-access channel. Still when I walk past them its hard. It includes , Ports 1961 heads to the streets of Brooklyn, New York, for its fall-winter 2022 campaign. I hate to sound old-fashioned, but I dont find many actresses or movie stars glamorous anymore. This cool attractive intelligent photographer originating from New York City, United States has a thin body & square face type. It is a comic outcome that gratifies a familiar but no less serious desire at the heart of fashion: self-realization the easy way, through style. Photo by Steven Meisel, styled by Edward Enninful. Today, its totally closed down and worse than it has ever been.. These elegant print on print photographs create a cornucopia of visual delights! Gloamy and brooding. I dont understand it anymore. A friend convinced me to do it. Save $10 with the code PHOTOFOCUS10. But to compare it with Italian Vogue, with its rarefied audience, would be fairly pointless, suggests Wintour, "when you don't have to sit on the shelf in a supermarket, the way we do.". Yes, maybe someone would have said that a man was handsome, but it wasnt that he was made to be like women, always objectified and always nude, showing cleavage. She is another brilliant artist. "Strangely enough, I wasn't really interested in all that," he says. In a 1999 interview with photography critic Vince Aletti, Madonna called her dear friend a diva (just like her), recognizing Meisels communion with women of magnetism and beauty a mutual reinforcement that has proven itself over time. Someone grabbed my hair, another grabbed my face, another started helping me try on various bits of clothes, and they all seemed to be speaking a language I didnt understand the language of Steven Meisel., In 1992 Madonna released her album Erotica on October 20th. It was better than doing a sex tape I guess. In an article for Vogue, Madonna recalls working with him this way, Before I worked with Steven, I just showed up in the clothes I was wearing, stood in front of the lights, and got my picture taken. Stern complained, of course, but in an era of art "appropriations" and music "sampling," Meisel's inspired use of his and other famous sittings (Horst P. Horst's study of corsets, for instance) has spawned its own imitations. Get your free ticket, or save on a VIP pass! I push him and he pushes me. They did their own hair and their own makeup. Spellbound Photo by Steven Meisel, styled by Edward Enninful. He has commercial contracts to shoot ads for Calvin Klein, Barneys and Gap, among others. His hobby was drawing women in his sketchbook. Steven Meisel photographed the album cover (opening photo, last one on the right) for Like a Virgin released in 1984. A lot of people get off on stuff, but its not what I am really about. In truth, the answer Meisel points to in his work starts sometime around 1979 when the world began to see his future and its fuller, more complex, and provocative figure. It was just beauty to me. Warner Books has scheduled for publication in October a book of Meisel's portraits of Madonna taken over several months. The Duchess of Windsor was hardly a beauty, but she had incredible glamour, as well as Diana Vreeland. His work has been extensively featured in American and Italian editions of Vogue.Meisel is also known for working with Madonna on his infamous 1992 book, Sex. He would photograph them in his apartment in Gramercy Park or on the street: on weekdays he would work at Women's Wear Daily and on weekends with the models. They looked the way they look in magazines, right out of Vogue, on the street! I go as far as I can, until there is no more I can do, until Ive spent the time, gone through all the location pictures, until its too expensive and the client doesnt want to pay, or the place becomes unavailable, or you cant get the set decorator that you want. Some of these models went to castings for Seventeen magazine to show their portfolios, which held some of his photography, and the people at Seventeen subsequently called Meisel and asked if he wanted to work with them. Bella Hadid, Acherin Madit, Sora Choi, Vittoria Ceretti, and Mila , Italian fashion brand Moschino delivers a classic look with a twist for its fall-winter 2022 campaign. Yes. The fashion was very excessive. Get 5 free searches. PIERRE ALEXANDRE DE LOOZ: Is the industry locked in its tracks? That is simply not his style, if running and skipping can be said to be a style at all. Later, he was admitted at the Parsons School of Design, where he majored in fashion illustration and graduated.[3]. "In terms of the Vogues that I work for, certainly Vogue Italia is the most lenient and allows me to do more or less what I feel like doing," he told 032C. A picture at least is frozen. Search over 700 No, I have it in my head. Sometimes that interpretation actually helps, because theyll see it in a fresh way. "Not everyone has the same kind of life," says Meisel. Artistic Photography Portrait Photography Fashion Photography Steven Meisel Linda Evangelista Vogue Paris Long Week-end Great Photographers Vogue Magazine R Go to Login page. I didnt think much further into the world. W Magazine, June 2015. The 1.5 million limited edition sold out in days. Celebrating 70s Fashion: A Decade of Style & Freedom, Taylor Hill Looks Divine for LVR Magazine Cover Story, Grace Jones Is Legendary in Wolford Spring 2023 Campaign, Anja Rubik Marks 25 Years of Modeling with Vogue Poland Cover, Hailey Bieber Brings the Sun on Vogue Australia March 2023 Cover, Atelier Versace Makes a Statement for Spring 2023. Click here to learn more. How much do you obsess over choosing the right location and dressing the set? His images of Evangelista and Naomi Campbell, bumping and grinding their way through Italian Vogue, gave an impression of sexual strength that anticipated the more liberated fashion that emerged at the end of the '80s, when it became clear that women could no longer be coerced into believing that sexy clothes implied promiscuity or immorality. Could their magnetism come out through a photograph? I blew them up and theyre actually good, great even. Speaking of lipstick, what was A Sexual Revolution, which you shot for W, about? He is most closely associated with Linda Evangelista, whose career -- and hair color -- he continues to transform. Madonna definitely made men into a sex object. I remember when I first met Mr. Liberman at Vogue, he used to storyboard and draw stories out. Firstly, Peter thought we should hang pictures up on certain walls. I mean, she's the queen of change. Tradues em contexto de "she met the photographer" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : While in Los Angeles, she met the photographer Edward Weston and his creative partner Margrethe Mather. Declare Independence. She has recently returned , With the new Valentino Toile Iconographe collection, the fashion house Valentino highlights its new logo motif. [15], It was a response to increasing criticism of racism in the fashion industry and became the best-selling issue in the magazine's history. See more of his work on his website. This free event kicks off with a series of technical boot camps to build essential skills, followed by live, online sessions on photography, video, business and social media. Weve become a world of H&M. Everything is Steven's creation. I said, If its so important, you talk to them, but I dont want to have anything to do with it. The curator chose the pictures and they were not pictures of mine that I liked. It is taken from the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, old Hollywood, the 70s, the Helmut Woman, the Guy Bourdin Woman. Meisel enjoyed the regularity and security of his desk job and he relished his task, also teaching two nights a week at Parsons where he had studied illustration. More importantly, we're also a tight-knit community of likeminded investors pursuing the time freedom to pursue life's higher callings; things of eternal significance. A book collecting some of his photographs, titled Steven Meisel,[17] was published by German teNeues Buchverlag in 2003 and sold out. "I'm not saying that other photographers don't give, but Steven does everything," says Campbell. These Are The 15 Hottest Wives And Girlfriends Of Hollywood! It caused a stir in the press, as the models were presented in violent compositions where they could be seen as being victimized. He has mastered every part of the process from hair and makeup to fashion styling. And believe me, if you think thats some sort of effete attitude, youre wrong. Board Member @ Evolve Transition Infrastructure LP, Member of the Board of Directors @ Discovery DJ Services LLC, Member of the Board of Directors @ Wildcat Permian Services LLC. And then: Finish, and jump up screaming. Like an asshole I did it. ", If Campbell occasionally feels that Meisel's direction transports her to "another era," not everybody is as mesmerized by his recent renderings of old-fashioned glamour, least of all Bert Stern. I like that too, but theirs is more intellectual. It is one of the most in-demand out-of-print books of all time. In addition to six newly-elected partners, Fenwick welcomed six lateral partners this year in Santa Monica, New York and Silicon Valley. I dont find award shows glamorous. Meisel worked with them outdoors on the streets and at his apartment in Gramercy Park. Devon! All rights reserved. "Not everyone has had the same experiences, and not everyone looks the same. And I tried to pick men that were a little bit more androgynous. Art Director Fabien Baron who worked with Meisel on Sex explains that early in Meisels career he could not only talk about style, hair, makeup, and art direction, he could do it all himself and you knew that he could do it better than anyone else. While some high-powered analysts have told me they feel Meisels blue-chip stock seems ever-so-slightly marginalized nowadays, during the decade reign of the supermodels you might have said Steven Meisel was fashion. The pink gown and red coiffure confection Meisel created for Evangelista on that night in 1991 proved very popular with the press, she recounts, despite the horde of other celebrities and 1,600 guests swarming the three-day event. The cast poses for photographs taken by Steven Meisel , Brand ambassador La Seydoux lands the Louis Vuitton Capucines bag campaign for the summer 2022 season. They went to jobs done. Or would Conde Nast snag him? But meanwhile I am up in some hill someplace and I still cant get a cup of coffee. FAQ They were unbelievable. As a teenager he had spotted Saint Laurent-muse Loulou de la Falaise, and cover model Marisa Berenson living across the street from his high school stomping ground. "I loved fashion. Naturally, I had to ask what it was all about: STEVEN MEISEL: I was photographing the girls that I loved. Steven Meisel for Italian Vogue By Cathy Horyn June 19, 2008 RACIAL prejudice in the fashion industry has long persisted because of tokenism and lookism. It wasnt something I did consciously: we would go on vacation, go to dinner, hang out, and talk on the phone. I think it's part of the reason that Steven is able to change his work. Even in Madonnas book, clothing is critical in every picture. The voice of countless magazine and advertisement pages, of cool constructed beauty; perhaps the voice of fashion itself, or at the very least its timekeeper for nearly a quarter century, materialized over the telephone and it was, like that photo of Dietrich, unexpectedly candid, grizzled, and warm. Basically, if you put something in peoples faces they might see it, which in this case means DONT DO THIS! I can always watch Blow-Up because of course that was an inspiration, but not as much as I used to. I did get flack from that campaign. "He's very protective of himself," says Sui. Steven Meisel and Italian Vogue Steven Meisel has dominated Italian Vogue by shooting every cover for the last 2 decades along with every Prada campaign since 2004. {{ userNotificationState.getAlertCount('bell') }}. After youve been doing this for so long, after being investigated by the FBI, what else cant you handle? REVOLVE. About Us But recently, I remembered somebody telling me that their therapist told them that its important to have pictures of people that you know as well as pictures of yourself around. I dont like to look at them because all I see are the things I didnt get right. Look at your ads and you dont see any black girls, maybe once in a blue moon. She is not a working commercial fashion photographer. We worked together before Vogue Italia, when she wasnt yet the editor, on another magazine called Lei. On 1954 Steven Meisel (nickname: Steven) was born in New York City, United States. W Magazine, March 2014. No. His practice includes fashion, editorial, architectural and corporate photography. STEVEN MEISEL: I think its like everything that you grow up with becomes part of your aesthetic eye. And yet what he sees in their pale complexions and aging bodies is probably more realistic and natural than what passes today for the ideal: a 19-year-old blonde with blue eyes and a personal trainer. I think Clinton even mentioned the scandal. He is one of the preeminent fashion photographers with commercial clients including Versace, Valentino, Louis Vuitton and Calvin Kline. Steven Meisel Overview. Fashion was much more open in the 70s, and even in the 80s, which is insane. Its not like that with Steven. At the time he was going after that and heroin chic.. Posted by ; brake pedal sticking in cold weather; is jacqueline matter still with abc news . To see Madonna strutting half-naked across a room or kissing another woman on the mouth is to know that Meisel has not only exposed the essence of her character, but certain of our fears and anxieties as well. I think it may be something of the past. This group exists to help members amplify returns in the commodity super-cycle as we work . Face the Future. Naomi Campbell confided that Meisel allowed her to be a teenager when they worked together in New York, pairing business with nights out dancing, vintage shopping, and trips to Coney Island. So for me the whole thing was something I wish I had listened to my heart and my instincts on. Famously private, Meisel rarely grants interviews or gets photographed. I guess to accept yourself in the end; to own yourself and to own those people that you love. Anna Sui explains without a drop of hesitation: Steven sets the stage for everybody else. W Magazine, July 2012. Linda Evangelista says, With Steven you dont feel alone when you are on set. They have a different sense of glamour. Not that they dont also kill things, but that doesnt happen often; its been the most creative outlet that I have. Now you can go further. The situation began to change, however, when it became clear that Harper's Bazaar, under the new stewardship of Elizabeth Tilberis, was going after some of the best in the business -- creative directors, stylists and, as it happened, a few of Vogue's photographers. Steven is the whole orchestra. So, its difficult. Not intimidating. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. We were friends; it was my beginning as it was theirs. There were women that, while growing up, I found glamorous. The Post It Girl Photo by Steven Meisel, styled by Edward Enninful. Is it the same thing as being beautiful? I hate it. He is a close friend of designer Anna Sui, for whom he has also shot several campaigns, even though Sui rarely uses advertising to promote her clothing. I just get excited and go fast, and before I know it its so many pages! 5 Jun. The photographer is currently single, his starsign is and he is now 0 years of age. Steven Meisel has been associated with twelve companies, according to public records. Living Green. But something else was calling, which had announced itself before. Steven Meisel is an American fashion photographer. So lets talk about glamour. Some of your stories have crossed the line, like State of Emergency in 2006. "Listen," says Wintour, "fashion comes from the past. Which have been your favorite editorials? STEVEN MEISEL. This tactic worked in getting to meet Twiggy outside of Marvin Sokolskys studio. Not cold. I really like that one too. Get contact details including emails and phone numbers It doesnt work for me to storyboard things. I was curious, because it received a lot of publicity, whether it would have any effect on New York, London, Paris, or Milan; and I found that it did not. Thats a hard word too. For Meisel, who began taking pictures more than a decade ago, the '90s may be simply the decade of extremes. The legendary hairstylist, who has died at 62, is one of the main reasons that runway hair and makeup became big business, wrote The New York Times in 1992, after he sent top models down Chanel . I cant be on every single detail. On 1954 Steven Meisel (nickname: Steven) was born in New York City, United States. "We already have our black girl," says. They would set meetings for Miesel with some very famous models. He loved Jean Shrimpton and Twiggy two of David Bailys favorite models. (business & personal). They make him sound so intimidating and cold. Steven Meisel exhibiton Youth and pop culture provocateurs since 1991. Sign up for a free account. I could watch anything by Fellini a million times! There are so many things about Steven that make him important to the fashion world. But I think Cindy Sherman is incredible. I dont find anything glamorous today. Speaking of an inspirational past, it seems you wanted to re-write the history of fashion photography with the Black Beauty issue. Sign up for our newsletter to get the latest from Photofocus delivered each week. Its not like I talk to her every day. One of. Its as if he knows exactly what will happen before he begins. Theyd say, Scream and smoke the cigarette, and make crazy eyes with Kim, or whoever. They still only had one token black girl, maybe two. I never knew Babe Paley, but I thought she was a glamorous woman. He was inspired by Vogue and Harpers Bazaar and used them as starting places for his drawings. Would he go with Bazaar? I think some of the most successful fashion pictures were just of beautiful clothes. During this time illustration was the visual staple of the magazine. Kevin is living it to the fullest. Art + Commerce represents photographers, stylists, creative directors, hair and makeup artists, directors, set designers and an illustrator for assignment, special projects, and image licensing. There is always a little bit of a story in my head as I am doing it. I tend to think Italy is very conservative, which is weird, I know. It was Meisel, along with Cavaco, who proposed that the models in Sui's last show shave off their eyebrows. A lot of her pictures are. So what we call the supermodel moment is really your personal history written large? There are certainly a lot of people who are wondering what he'll do next. I am trying to make a statement against it and yet everybody then says that I am for it? I had to work very quickly. First, the whole issue was shot in only three days thats the other thing that people dont understand. They were superwomen. All rights reserved. I think people need to see different kinds of things. Steven Meisel is an American fashion photographer. Dubbed & quot ; Vogue Italia & quot ; Elizabeth, 55, wrote.. Campaign needed a whole lot more listed as in Existence and its File Number is 0803550625,. Again I didnt see the show, so I cant comment. We get along really well. Not knowing somebody intimately might make them more glamorous. A Woman of Many Hats Natalia Vodianova. The partnership challenges contemporary artists Amelie Bertrand, Park , Following painting-inspired spring advertisements, Zara Studios fall-winter 2022 campaign focuses on the essentials this season. These 10 Whopping Homes & Cars Of Celebrities Look Amazing! Ive noticed you dont photograph nudes so often. Deborah Turbeville? /a > photography steven meisel partner Meisel, & quot takes! Now deal with it." Learn more 1993, A YEAR IN PHOTOGRAPHS a perfect moment of creativity. Steven traces his obsession with beauty in all its forms to his early years. "Even though his pictures often look serious, he's tweaking you a little bit," says Cavaco. ", Directly or indirectly, he has determined the shape of some of our ideas about contemporary fashion. Lo and behold, this is our Top 60 of celebrities that have been caught smoking or, Celebrities dont always wear makeup anymore. Not any of the things the fortyish Steven Meisel is supposed to be. The four founding partners (Matt McWilliams, Steven Meisel, Drew Chambers and Clint Allen) have over 50 years of combined experience in the acquisition, disposition, leasing and management of cold storage and food and beverage industry properties, as well as development of large-scale/complex infrastructure projects across the United States. His early education included a major in fashion illustration from Parsons New School of Design. Spend some time with these photographs. Its a sick place out there. Later, in the sixth or seventh grade I used to take a camera, an instamatic perhaps, and snap models on the street. He might have been a model had he not become an illustrator, then a photographer, then a kind of mystical figure in sunglasses and trapper's hat. I had the whole thing. The New Face of Fashion Photo by Steven Meisel, styled by Edward Enninful. There is nothing I leave out. Meisel shot advertising campaigns for fashions top brands like Prada, Louis Vuitton, Calvin Klein, Valentino, Versace and Dolce & Gabbana. It elicited a negative response from many feminists which saw the role of the women as being undermined by their male counterparts. Men have never really been considered sex objects. A chameleon himself, a promiscuous image sampler, critics object that Meisel is not one for original ideas. What tends to discomfort people about Meisel's images is their unremitting frankness. I dont really read blogs or things about me or my work. What you see in Vogue Italia will be on the catwalks two months later thats how inspiring he is, Linda Evangelista tells me from a Paris hotel on the tailend of a shoot. Pick up a puzzle version at art + commerce. I think Steven's given them that direction. For Valentinos 30th Anniversary Gala in Rome, Linda Evangelista was accompanied by Meisel, who improvised her wardrobe and makeup on the spot, at the window in their hotel room. STEVEN MEISEL enigmatic, mysterious, a magical artist photographer. When we would have a meeting he would say we need a big hill here and this here and I tried but its not the way I do it. He went to Parsons School of Design, illustrated clothes for Women's Wear Daily and then started taking pictures. You are inundated all the time, whether its on TV or the Internet, buses, bus stops, taxis, or billboards. AfterShoot AfterShoot helps photographers cull their photos faster, leaving them more time to spend on creative tasks. I thought I have to be friends with this guy right away! Outside his circle, Meisel is said to be enigmatic and secretive, appearing in public under the defensive line of a hat, scarf, dark glasses, and long black hair, from which only a hint of makeup or a crafted eyebrow escapes. ", There was a time, not so very long ago, when it seemed to Meisel that he was not getting the amount of work that he thought he should, especially from American Vogue. Unleash your creativity with Lensbaby OMNI Filters, Review: HyperX Quadcast USB Microphone for streaming, gaming and more, Magnus REX FBVH-500: Heavy duty flat base video head. He is now considered one of the most successful fashion photographers in the industry. Less predictable is his relationship with American Vogue. Vince Aletti, who co-curated Meisels only gallery show to date at the White Cube in London, argues that his shape-shifting ability is powerful: Not since Avedon has someone had such a level of consistency and inventiveness. Aletti takes Meisels voracious use of source material as a badge of distinction: Other photographers are insular, but Steven reflects the world at large. Meisel matches his panoramic insights with an encyclopedic output; a body of work that Fabien Baron asserts, has defined what modern fashion photography is all about. When I put the question of influence to Meisel he answered with deadpan simplicity, the way Georgia OKeefe talked about the inspirations in her paintings: they are what they are. The campaign features studio portraits of models Kristen McMenamy, , The fourth year of the Artycapucines collaboration marks a creative update to the Louis Vuitton Capucines bag. There is still a stylization and an idealization of women, but its taken from the past. Someday it might change. Can WHISTLE Window Card. Society has finally come full circle and does the same thing with the men. And of course there are the magazine editors. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. And I think because of that, he can turn it around and use it in a modern way. Steven Meisel is one of the most famous fashion photographers in history, thanks to his groundbreaking images of everyone from then-unknown models like Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell, Karen Elson, and Christy Turlington to Madonna. I like Antonioni. Meisel has shot campaigns for Versace, Valentino, Dolce & Gabbana, Louis Vuitton, Balenciaga and Calvin Klein. I do my jobs and I send them in and I either hear if theyre running or not, and how many pages they allowed it, and then I am on to the next one. Who wants only young girls for another T-shirt-and-jeans story? Much of Meisels most recent work fucks with fashion and its superstitions, wish fulfillment, self-loathing, and bittersweet fancies. I love that too, but to try and say something is also my goal. Meisel, 60, whose portfolio ranges from racy s We used to go to the shows in New York and Paris and they were much larger events, or maybe it was new to me and more exciting. I think that we have gone further and pushed it to kinky because clothes are such shit now. However, her pictures would definitely be a problem for a fashion advertiser. Yes. Born on June 5, 1954, Meisel is one of the most celebrated talents in the industry. Now I go to work and its a different world. I am asking people to interpret and its not easy. American fashion photographer (born 1954), Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Names that Changed the Fashion Photography Industry Forever", "Los mejores fotgrafos de moda de la historia", "An Exclusive Q&A With Photographer Steven Meisel", "The Bad Girl Model Lexi Boling on Her Good Beauty Habits", "Don't Call it a Comeback: Model Elise Crombez", "Fashion world stunned by Vogue for black", "NEW: STEVEN MEISEL 'Role Play' a Touring Exhibition from @Phillips", "Meisel Magazine Kylie Norton by Kylie Norton - Issuu", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Meisel&oldid=1142088008, Short description is different from Wikidata, BLP articles lacking sources from May 2009, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 12:37.
