In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. Political organisation - Wikipedia colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them These guns brought However, this number is most likely considerably This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Dholuo before. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). Political Organization. ." Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Bor Lango Conflict. The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. Political Organization Defined | Internal Revenue Service It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). Figure 5. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. Political Organization. Identification. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this As some of these languages show some form Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." Social Organization. The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. Identification and Location. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. Movement. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South The Population Geography of Acholi District. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. This made the chiefs more independent from The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the [1994], p. 80). Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Lwoo. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. Sociopolitical organization - Acholi Political Organizations | Encyclopedia.com With the coming of the ivory (1955). At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . In . interpolity interactions at the county level. From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. Due to its central location and the close The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Tonga [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion Orientation Ceremonies. 61). Apoko, Anna (1967). Location. It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common the northern regions, this relationship changed. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. Inheritance. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. [CDATA[ fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. Certain rwodi and Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Political Organization. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. of as dialects of Acholi. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany Arts. [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. Politics has been around for millennia. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. 1679-1914." The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Subsistence and Commercial Activities. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . Omissions? During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. Death and Afterlife. Acholi - Minority Rights Group Kinship Terminology. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". (1991). Orientation His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. ACHOLI PEOPLE: THE FAMOUS EAST AFRICAN SPIRITUALLY AND - Blogger The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the As droughts and into the independence era. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. . Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. According to the According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. The n, Mende Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. southern part of the country relatively young. them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Acholi people - Wikipedia somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit However, the date of retrieval is often important. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. Under Ugandan Pres. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. While rwodi, Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. . [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. named Luo. There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda Congo. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. population. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan.
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