Microchipped, wormed and flead 5 months old gets on well with female dogs, has lived with cats and kids sadly i have a male staffy and have to keep them seperated hence sale only 5 * homes apply Lovely little male 5yr old dog Billy is a cross bread dog terrier listens well doesn't chew OK with cats great with other dogs and would suit older children as he's lived with teenagers over 10 not used to small kids loves long walks eating and a bath his favourite is a Shar pei x Frenchie I breed, judge, exhibit and pretty much live the breed. Generally, Rhodesian Ridgeback puppies from reputable breeders cost $1,500 to $3,000, but those for conformation command the higher end of the pricing. Your Rhodesian Ridgeback from Luvakis luvs-a-kiss because its healthy and has a stable temperament. The ticked or mottled black-and-blue pattern of their coat and their main function gives them their name. The ears have been described both as erect but later described as hanging due to interbreeding with European dogs, but the most distinctive feature was the length of hair often growing in the reverse direction along its back. But, they can also adapt to apartment living as long as they get enough exercise, mental stimulation, and attention. The Rhodesian ridgeback breed has its roots in semi-wild dogs native to southern Africa that were crossed with other breeds brought to the area by European settlers starting in the 1600s. Kerry Williams, the owner, is an upstanding member of several breed-specific organizations such as Trinity Valley Rhodesian Ridgeback Club of Texas (TVRRCOT), board of Ridgeback Trust, Inc., and the RRCUS Ridgeback Rescue. Welcome to Rhodesian Ridgeback Rescue, Inc. [24] It was only after the publicity surrounding the promotion of culling that they reversed their code of ethics to say "no healthy puppy will be culled". MillaBella Rhodesian Ridgebacksis committed to ensuring that our breeding program is designed to produce exceptional quality Rhodesian Ridgebacks, and we strive to exceed the breeding guidelines and standards set out by the Rhodesian Ridgeback Club of The United States (RRCUS). Their dogs are regularly tested, and they are transparent with the results. About Puplore Contact Us Privacy Policy Disclosure. Abscessed dermoid sinuses will be at best a recurrent, painful problem, and if the sinus communicates with the tissues around the spinal cord, cause meningitis and often death. Only 6 males left. Similarly, in 1952, The Rhodesian Ridgeback Club of Great Britain was founded at Crufts to promote the breed around the United Kingdom to show judges, so a standard for the breed might be recognised. The puppies they produce also come with a lifetime guarantee against genetic diseases. Here are a few more facts about Rhodesian Ridgebacks: If youre someone who loves the outdoors and staying active with your dog, here are a few sturdy dog breeds for outdoor adventures: Thanks for visiting our Rhodesian Ridgeback page! It is the official rescue program for both the AKC- and CKC-recognized national breed clubs for both the USA and Canada, respectively, as well as most local and regional breed clubs in both countries. Puppies should always be screened at birth by the breeder and veterinarian, and the examination repeated as the puppies grow before they go to their new homes. Lamington House Kennels have trustworthy policies, guaranteeing you against hereditary health conditions common to the Rhodesian Ridgeback like Hip Dysplasia. RECOMMENDED READING:It has become a norm to see Rhodesian Ridgeback breeders marketing their available litter through websites, social media pages, and ads. It consists of a fan-like area formed by two whorls of hair (called "crowns") and tapers from immediately behind the shoulders down to the level of the hips. They are loyal, faithful, and affectionate with their families. Thanks to this compilation, you can find reputable Rhodesian Ridgeback breeders near you in the United States. The ridge is usually about 2 inches (51mm) in width at its widest point. [33] This group recommends that breeders perform at least four health screenings: hips, elbows, thyroid and eyes, with cardiac and hearing tests optional. SAVE TO PDF, Rhodesian Ridgeback Rescue, Inc. Rescuing Since 1970 www.ridgebackrescue.org document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023Greenfield Puppies. Talking to the breeder about the genetic history of the parents and asking to see related health clearances can help allay some of these potential health concerns. Lagarde Perro has consistently proven their excellence by reputable reviews from satisfied customers and infield and shows events. Thus, their line has consistently brought awards since 2006. The Rhodesian Ridgeback is a dog breed that originated in Southern Africa. The Best Rhodesian Ridgeback Breeders in the United States. pet friendly; dogs puppy; dog; 17 . I am a member in good standing with the RRCUS and the Moore County Kennel Club of North Carolina(MCKC). Due to their barrel-chested frame, Ridgebacks can also be at risk for bloat. I have 3 Rhodesian Ridgebacks. All dogs in our breeding program are health tested for hips, elbows, cardiac, DM, CERF and BAER as a minimum. A breeders breeding system doesnt tell much about the quality of their puppies if its appropriately practiced. You can only purchase a pup after a personal meeting that allows the breeder to ascertain your capabilities and offers you the opportunity to assess the litter. Ridgebacks are also a good fit for dog sports, especially tracking and agility. About Us | Rhodesian Ridgeback Rescue, Inc. We have an absolutely adorable 4 week old livernosed boy with a perfect ridge. Travel around the world, across the alps, rocks, highlands, and the Andes; youll see that Cape Ridges Rhodesian Ridgebacks are healthy, happy, and of the best quality. READ NEXT: Puppy Buying Guide: How to Buy a Puppy Online Safely. ADOPT: USA The Khoikhoi people who lived the Cape Peninsula when the Dutch began trading with the area during the mid 17th century, had a semi-wild hunting dog which was described by Europeans as absolutely fearless and ferocious when acting as a guard dog. Rhodesian Ridgebacks are known to be loyal and intelligent. Greenfield Puppies has been finding loving homes for puppies for over a decade. Genuine reason for rehoming, and is a tough decision so a forever loving home is a must. The Rhodesian Ridgeback whelps are lovingly raised and socialized in a home before moving them to their forever owners. This dog breed has a short wheaten-colored coat that can range from a pale flaxen color to a darker reddish-brown. The . MwanzoDarren & Aileen Harvey Find Rhodesian Ridgeback Puppies and Breeders in your area and helpful Rhodesian Ridgeback information. Lila is a 9 month old Lurcher. Rhodesian Ridgeback Breeder Margaret Lowthian Cook founded Lamarde Perro in 1954. The Dogo Cubano (Cuban Bloodhound), an extinct breed used for dogfighting and guarding, was highly emphasized in the composition of the early Rhodesian Ridgeback. Roki Shoals has devoted to breeding structurally sound, healthy Rhodesian Ridgeback pups in an environment that offers the space and layout to welcome puppies in excellent conditions, allowing the breeder to work with larger breeds of dogs without sacrificing the puppies health and quality. The owners are primarily dedicated to breeding healthy Rhodesian Ridgebacks. This breeder breeds puppies that conform to the RRCUS and AKCs health, temperament, and companionship standards. It was previously known as the African Lion Hound. The first breeder of . Cape Ridges Rhodesian Ridgebacks pups are pre-screened, vet-checked, and sold with an all-inclusive health guarantee. [14] In 1950, Mr. and Mrs. William H. O'Brien of Arizona brought six carefully selected Rhodesian Ridgebacks to the US from South Africa. Aariel Ridgebacks Breeder Information and Details: Msasa is named after an African tree, zebrawood, to signify the goal of Msasa to breed Rhodesian Ridgebacks that are true to the traits of their African counterpart. The Bluetick Coonhound originated in the United States and dates back to before the countrys founding. However, you can expect to add an arm and a leg for champion bloodlines. Their farm endeavors to provide even-tempered Ridgebacks that fit well with families. Male 1 yr 3 month old Rhodesian Ridgeback. Certified breeders of Rhodesian Ridgebacks pursue the careful development of the breed. 2. Rhodesian Ridgeback Puppies For Sale - AKC PuppyFinder Be ready to sign a contract that assures you of the breeders guarantee and stipulates your obligations and responsibilities as a pups new owner. Msasa is also committed to the AKC Bred with Health, Education, Accountability, Responsibility, and Tradition (HEART) Program. ------------. Throughout its history, the organization has demonstrated its preeminence, presenting dogs that perform in all competitive arenas, excelling in physically demanding events, and versatility. Moreover, Krystals dogs are even-tempered and good companions, fitting into performance and companion homes. Black Powder Farm vaccinates, deworms, and tests their dogs before a sale, offering buyers a two-year guarantee against genetic health conditions as proof of their confidence. Life Expectancy: 10-13 years. Turriff Aberdeenshire Current Health Tests, We live in rural Aberdeenshire and although the gundogs work our girls are first and foremost family pets, Besslia Rhodesian RidgebacksNicola Beachill Animals who are at risk for the disease should not be bred to other animals at risk, as this creates future generations of this debilitating disease. Rhodesian Ridgeback breeder dedicated to excellent genetic health, temperament and conformation for show or companion puppies. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Helping qualified owners find the perfect puppy. They are versatile dogs, steadfast in temperament, intelligence, conformation, health, and athleticism. This Rhodesian Ridgeback breeder has a good standing in the Rhodesian Ridgeback Club of the United States (RRCUS) and responsibly upholds its Code of Ethics. The Rhodesian Ridgeback is the mascot and the Ontario Tech Ridgebacks are the intercollegiate athletic teams of Ontario Tech University in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. This Rhodesian Ridgeback breeder ensures that their pooches are up to par with the standards of the Rhodesian Ridgebacks pedigree by enlisting them to conformation or performance rings before breeding. Great with other dogs and Children Through their breeding career, Imari Rhodesian Ridgebacks have prioritized genetic health, temperament, and beauty, breeding healthy, well-behaved, and good-looking dogs that earn the trust of families, serve as guards or therapists, and yearn for family companionship with stability and balance. Rhodesian Ridgeback Puppies ready for their new homes. Passionate about health, temperament and type - we regularly import new bloodlines to add diversity and compliment our own. Juba Lee Rhodesian Ridgebacks Breeder Information and Details: All the Rhodesian Ridgeback breeders included on our list passed our standards. The form asks for details on the buyers home environment and level of experience in raising the breed. These credentials demonstrate the breeders unending commitment to ensure the health and well-being of purebred Rhodesian Ridgebacks. Charles Helm (18441915), son of the Rev. The Northern Ohio breeder is renowned and recognized by elite dog organizations, including the American Kennel Club (AKC) and Canadian Kennel Club (CKC). They have a regular membership in the Rhodesian Ridgeback Club of the United States (RRCUS), and they have produced many champions and all-time winners. 3 2000 boys. This dog measured approximately 18 inches (46cm) at the withers, with a lean but muscular frame. Still, its a loyal, intelligent dog and dearly devoted companion and family dog, explaining why it retained its 41stposition in the American Kennel Clubs (AKCs) popularity ranking in 2021. Progression has been known to take as little as six months, or several years. Feel free to post pics of your Rhodesian Ridgeback. Reliable breeders are very transparent, revealing the breeds needs and demands. 11 Rhodesian Ridgeback Dogs and Puppies in South East England | Find The Phu Quoc Ridgeback breed originated in Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam. . "Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog", "Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs", "Pan-African News Wire: The Relevance of the Anti-sanctions Campaign in Zimbabwe", "S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science", "The men who created the Rhodesian Ridgeback dog we know today? In addition to coat care, your Rhodesian Ridgeback will have other grooming needs like nail care, ear care, and dental care. The original breed standard was drafted by F.R. Theyve been in the game for over forty years, winning the prestigious Rhodesian Ridgeback Club of the United States (RRCUS) Breeder of the Year award on five occasions. I have mum who is my beloved family pet who can be seen with the puppies . Rhodesian Ridgeback Puppies For Sale in South East England | Pets - Freeads Our aim is to breed typical dogs, sound in both mind and . Lynbobo RidgebacksEvelyn Bell The sires and dams, as well as their litter, have certified health clearances that buyers can verify in Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) or a PennHIP result from Antech Imaging Services. Where can I find a Rhodesian Ridgeback for sale online? The dog's nose should be black or liver in keeping with the colour of the dog. Very friendly good with other dogs and cats They get along with children and other dogs, but may be naturally wary of strangers and may have an urge to chase other animals that come into their territory. Bedford Bedfordshire Current Full Health Tests. Although they have an independent streak, they are devoted family companions and can be easily bored, so they do not like to be left alone for long periods of time. Small fee to no she's going to a good home. Are they for you. As a medium to large breed, other ongoing and equipment expenses are relatively higher in raising the pup. Krystal Rhodesian Ridgebacks New Mexico, 9. MillaBella Rhodesian Ridgebacks | Rhodesian Ridgeback Breeder | North Carolina. Kina Kabambe Rhodesian Ridgebacks - Kollege Kennels They take responsibility for the puppies even beyond finding their forever home. Our goal is to produce dogs that are Perfectly Balanced Inside and Out. I have owned Ridgebacks since 2004 and enjoy great success in and out of the show ring. Show All, Displaying 1 - 20 of 336 Rhodesian Ridgeback Breeders, Gunthwaite Rhodesian RidgebackMr & Mrs J & Mr Dh Bates Imari Rhodesian Ridgebacks Breeder Information and Details: Juba Lee Rhodesian Ridgebacks have been growing and caring for this breed for two decades. 7 We have found Ridgebacks to have the perfect blend of qualities for our family - they are wonderful with children, sensitive and . Ive got a Bachelor of Science degree in Animal Behaviour and Welfare and have several years experience working in animal shelters and rescues. He is being wormed at correct intervals and will be microchipped. Male Rhodesian Ridgebacks usually stand 2629in (6674cm) at the withers and weigh about 45kg (99lb) (FCI standard); females are typically 2426 inches (6166cm) tall and about 38kg (84lb) in weight. 2 dogs 1 bitch 12 weeks old Their obligation to respect the breed is evident in their dogs successes in RRCUS competitions and awards, emerging on top in the Winners Dog & Best of Winners, Best of Breed, and Best in Sweepstakes categories. It is the official rescue program for both the AKC- and CKC-recognized national breed clubs for both the USA and Canada, respectively, as well as most local and regional breed clubs in both countries. Most Rhodesian Ridgeback kennels in this list would love to have informative discussions with potential buyers like you! To their rescue, we come! Without further ado, here are our top choices for Rhodesian Ridgeback breeders: Glenaholm is a globally distinguished Rhodesian Ridgeback breeder. Just enter your email address and click submit! 12 Our Rhodesian Ridgebacks have been awarded many show wins, titles, and certificates. Stanmore Middlesex Current Full Health Tests, Of MombasaElke Wende OkameeliShelley Littman This may change. In return, the doggos from Najahari won several conformation awards. This is also an opportunity for you to ask insightful questions to the breeder and assess the litter through your own senses and gut. It is not as common as a black nose; some breeders believe the inclusion of brown noses in a breeding program is necessary for maintaining the vibrancy of the coat. Youve just completed the first step of finding a Rhodesian Ridgeback breeder in your area searching for reputable local kennels. However, your dog might be at a lower risk of suffering from this fate if its from a healthy lineage with little or no records of these conditions. If you are looking for a breeder with a genuine love for these pooches, this breeder is a great choice. The Rhodesian Ridgeback is a dog breed that originated in Southern Africa. Both parents are health checked and the pup will leave us with a vet health check & certificate to prove. Despite Rhodesian Ridgebacks being extremely athletic and sometimes imposing, they do have a sensitive side. The Rhodesian Ridgeback ranks number six in terms of most affected breeds for thyroid problems recorded by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. All affected dogs, even those surgically corrected, should be spayed or neutered and never be bred, since surgical dermoid sinus removal can be extremely cost prohibitive, and because many unremoved dermoid sinuses will eventually abscess. The eyes should be round and should reflect the dog's colour: dark eyes with a black nose, amber eyes with a brown (liver) nose. ), Uppsala University (Leif Andersson, Mats Nilsson, et al.) White is acceptable on the chest and toes. The "Velcro Vizsla" is a vibrant and loving family or hunting dog. Be careful not to get an unhealthy pup for a ridiculous price. Also known as the Hungarian Pointer, this dog breed has a long history dating back to 10th century Hungary. They thrive in homes with securely fenced-in yards where they can run. Dog Ear Wax Color Chart: What Different Ear Wax Colors Mean? The foundation of their Ridgeback family comes from Glenaholm kennel in South Africa. Lukis Rhodesian Ridgebacks are fierce competitors and national awardees because of their athleticism, versatility, and agility. If you are looking for Rhodesian Ridgeback puppies for sale online and are not sure how to identify a puppy scam from a legitimate breeder, read our ultimate puppy buying guide. HOME ABOUT US About Us Committee Code of ethics Constitution and Rules THE BREED THE BREED STANDARD PUPPIES HEALTH HISTORY JUDGING SHOWS SHOWS OPEN SHOWS Send them a mail via their website or send a dog twist request application via their Facebook page to get a dog for show or companionship. Thus, Juba Lees Rhodesian Ridgebacks are regularly health screened with OFA certification. Friends and Family. The American Kennel Club recognized the Rhodesian Ridgeback in 1955 as part of the Hound Group. About Rhodesian Ridgeback Rescue, Inc. Texas Rhodesian Ridgebacks-Hunterson Farms Ashbourne Derbyshire Current Full Health Tests. she is like one of our children and has fitted into our pack with ease with a delightful, playful character, Picklebee Rhodesian RidgebacksMrs Arh Taylor rawpixel.com. Daniel Helm of the London Missionary Society, was born in the Cape Colony, joined the London Missionary Society himself, and moved from the Zuurbraak (now Suurbraak) mission station just east of Swellendam (modern Western Cape Province, South Africa) to the Hope Fountain Mission in Matabeleland, Southern Rhodesia, travelling from October 1874 to December 1875, then bringing two ridged dog bitches from somewhere between Kimberley (modern Northern Cape Province, South Africa) and Swellendam with him to Hope Fountain in 1879 en route to becoming, as it would turn out, a political advisor to King Lobengula, house-host to hunter-explorer Frederick Courteney Selous, postmaster of Bulawayo and well-appreciated tooth-extractor. This devoted Rhodesian Ridgeback breeder ensures that pups from their kennel are of the right age before moving to their forever home. The Southern Rhodesian Ridgeback Association | Established 1987 Character: Rhodesian Ridgebacks are intelligent and independent. Rhodesian Ridgeback Puppies For Sale - AKC PuppyFinder. The Southern Rhodesian Ridgeback Association | Established 1987 The Southern Rhodesian Ridgeback Association was formed in 1987, and promotes the welfare of the Rhodesian Ridgeback breed. Making sure your dogs ears are clean, dry, and free of debris can help prevent ear infections and they are not developing other issues like ear mites. What diseases are Rhodesian Ridgebacks prone to? "These dogs were bred to track lions and hold them at bay, and they're fast enough that the cat can't get them. Barnes, in Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), in 1922, and approved by the South African Kennel Union in 1927. They are also active participants in conformation rings, ensuring that their pooches are at par with the standards set for the breed. Thus, Juba Lee Rhodesian Ridgebacks encourages their buyers for after-sales questions when issues arise. Boosted Adverts 2 Females and 1 male. Two nose colors are permissible, black and liver. You can download and review the Luvakis puppy contract, primarily intended for the puppys protection. Dogs in our breeding program often compete across a number of disciplines. Find Rhodesian Ridgeback Puppies and Breeders in your area and helpful Rhodesian Ridgeback information. That could be the best place to get a Rhodesian Ridgeback pup if you live in Georgia. This term refers to the purebred offspring of heterozygous parental animals that do not inherit a copy of the ridge mutation from either parent and thus lack the classic ridged back. They understand that every pet parents primary concern is health and provide guarantees to prove their pups health statutes. Although they were built for tracking down lions and keeping them at bay, they were not used for killing them. Stunning litter of kennel club registered Rhodesian Ridgeback puppies. Quality is Najaharis responsibility, and long does the quality of their pups remain after purchase. The early success of the breeders Rhodesian Ridgebacks guarantees you of their pups long lineage of health, agility, and intelligence. Vaccinated, Dewormed and Vet checked. South Asian Middle Eastern East Asian Black Hispanic Indian White Multiracial. 4 PenholdaGill Greeves Still, her children, John and Sally, have done well in preserving a first-class breeding system as debutants in breeding Rhodesian Ridgebacks in Southern California. Their dogs are bred to guard, compete and coexist peacefully with children in every family. Thus, they do not ship puppies unless they personally meet and gauge the buyers. Read our Rhodesian Ridgeback Buying Advice page for information on this dog breed. Known for their bravery, they are cautious around strangers and make great watch dogs. To ensure that the puppies do not end up in puppy mills, they have a limited registry. The breeder also ensures that their puppies are excellently paired with their new families. Adventures of Robinhood star Errol Flynn was amongst the first breeders of this breed in the country. Puppies best friend dog lovers companion breed icon. This is a potentially fatal condition that requires immediate treatment.[32]. Rhodesian Ridgeback Dog Breed Information - American Kennel Club You can have puppies according to the order of these deposits that the farm received. They have a top-shelf profile, including being suppliers of foundational puppies for many breeders within and outside the United States. For more information, please see the About Us page. Aziza Ridgebacks breed competitive Ridgebacks that are well-tempered to serve as companions. Glenaholm is a regular member of the RRCUS and are forerunners of the Rhodesian Ridgeback breeding business in the country. MillaBella is an AKC accredited Rhodesian Ridgeback Breeder of Merit, located in Pinehurst, North Carolina (NC). It was pointed out on the BBC One investigative documentary Pedigree Dogs Exposed that the Rhodesian Ridgeback Club of Great Britain's "code of ethics", which is ratified annually by the kennel club states that "Ridgeless puppies shall be culled",[23] and that "mismarked" puppies will only ever be sold on condition that they are never shown, and are neutered. The appearance standard of the Rhodesian Ridgeback originated in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and goes back to the year 1922, and by 2019 this standard had remained virtually unchanged. File type . We are approximately 2 hours from Charlotte and 1-1/2 hours from Raleigh. our dogs are happy family pets first we also show our Dogs and both have done extremely well in the show ring. [13] Outside the subcontinent and internationally, the first Rhodesian Ridgebacks in Britain were shown by Mrs. Edward Foljambe in 1928. [26] In 2014, the UK breed survey reported an average lifespan of 11 years. They are also recognized by the AKC and the Canadian Kennel Club (CKC). Some breeders even firmly insist on proximity so they can easily monitor the progress of the hounds. Should I buy a puppy from a home-based breeder or a kennel breeder? The owners highly respect the breed standard, making them active members of the RRCUS and the New England Rhodesian Ridgeback Club (NERRC). Newport Gwent Current Full Health Tests. We would like to introduce our dogs here with our Internet presence to you. We are Rhodesian Ridgeback breeders specializing in well rounded, good tempered, socialized and confident Ridgebacks and located in Angleton, Texas. As with any dog breed, there are some potential health conditions to be aware of. Rhodesian Ridgeback puppies for sale | Pets4Homes Vet checked and vaccinated. Our first whippet joined us in 2004 from the runaround kennel: chaser was the best money i ever spent on thomas. They are typically somewhat aloof to strangers; this is not to be confused with aggression, a Rhodesian Ridgeback with a good temperament will not attack a stranger for no reason. The dedication of Aariel Ridgebacks brought several wins from several competitions. Our sole purpose is to find amazing homes for our beloved babies. [citation needed], Like many other deep-chested breeds, the Rhodesian Ridgeback is prone to gastric dilatation volvulus, commonly known as bloat. They are known for the "ridge" along their back, which is formed by a narrow strip of fur that grows in the opposite direction from the rest of their coat. 16 2 A kennel legacy preserved since the 1940s results from more than proper management; its a tradition! Their litters fit perfectly to different homes with different roles. They are all health tested and have lovely temperaments . Dewormed. DisclaimerOur articles are not substitutes for professional veterinary guidance. Rhodesian Ridgeback Rescue, Inc., is an all-volunteer, U.S. 501 (c) (3) not-for-profit organization that operates throughout the USA and Canada. Their nose is most commonly black, but has been known to show up in brown. Well under 25% of puppies lack a ridge, indicating a significant proportion of the breed are homozygous for the mutation[citation needed]. Due to their strong prey drive, they should only be let off-leash when they are in a securely enclosed area. Theyre more expensive from reputable breeders, between $1,500 and $3,000. We instantly fell in love with the breed, and Finding a healthy and well-tempered dog is worth every ounce of patience and every penny you spend. Very cute and cuddly Shihtzu cross Pomerian he is like teddy bear. While Lamington House Kennels prioritizes health and temperament, they comply with the breed standard, breeding dogs usually red wheaten with black masks or highlights.
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